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英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱(chēng)現(xiàn)象（安慶懷寧）
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱(chēng)現(xiàn)象（安慶懷寧） 3月20日 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言在表達(dá)某些特定意義的時(shí)候，常呈現(xiàn)出結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱(chēng)現(xiàn)象。這種結(jié)構(gòu)使讀者感受到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的對(duì)稱(chēng)美，從而增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的感染力，達(dá)到一種強(qiáng)化內(nèi)容意義的修辭效果。熟悉這種結(jié)構(gòu)能幫助學(xué)習(xí)者提高對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的欣賞能力與運(yùn)用能力。下面的這些結(jié)構(gòu)都表現(xiàn)出這種對(duì)稱(chēng)現(xiàn)象。 一、表達(dá)愛(ài)好、選擇、判斷方面的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1.prefer…to…與perfer…rather than…結(jié)構(gòu) 1)Do you prefer(the new one) to (the old one?)(代詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 2)At this time of day,Iprefer (tea) to (coffee) .(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 3)I prefer (walking) to (cycling).(動(dòng)名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 4)I perfer (to work) rather than (remain idle).(不定式對(duì)稱(chēng)) 2.would rather/had rather…than…結(jié)構(gòu) 5)She would rather have (the small one) than the (large one).(代詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 6)I would rather read (a novel) than (a poem).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 7)I would rather (play) tennis than (swim).(動(dòng)詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 8)Jim would rather go to class (tomorrow) than (today).(副詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 3.rather than結(jié)構(gòu) 9)Evans is (a historian) rather than (a writer).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 10)It ought to be (you) rather than (me) than signs the lettr.(代詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 11)These shoes are (comfortable) rather than (pretty).(形容詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 12)He was engaged in (writing a letter) rather than (reading the newspaper).(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 13)We are doing this (for our brother villages) rather than (for ourselves).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)稱(chēng)) 14)He (ran) rather than (walked).(動(dòng)詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 15)It was (what he meant) rather than (what he meant) rather than (what he said).() 16)I decided to (write) rather than (telephone).(不定式對(duì)稱(chēng)) 17)It is important (to increase) wages.(不定式對(duì)稱(chēng)) 4.instead of結(jié)構(gòu) 18)Shall we (fish) instead of (meat) today?(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 19)Things would be (better) instead of (worse).(形容詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 20)We'll have tea (in the garden) instead of (in the house).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 如果instead of后面接表示動(dòng)作意味的詞，一般要用動(dòng)名詞。如： I stayed in bed all day instead of going to work. She went shopping instead of having lunch. 但為了對(duì)稱(chēng)可以用其它有關(guān)相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞形式。如: He proposes to do some work instead of to watch television.(不定式作賓語(yǔ)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 5.either…or…與neither…nor…結(jié)構(gòu) 21)You must improve either (your work) or (your appearance).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 22)Neither (you) nor (l) could do it.(人稱(chēng)代詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 23)It's neither (pleasant) to tea nor (good) for you.(形容詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 24)You neither (love) him or (hate) him.(動(dòng)詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 25)He neither (knows) nor (cares) what happened.(動(dòng)詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 26)Either (you must improve your work) or (l shall dismiss you).(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 6.not…but…結(jié)構(gòu) 27)He is not (my son),but (my nephew).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 28)He excels not (in English),but (in mathematics).(介詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 29)The important thing in the Olympic Games is not (to win) but (to take part).(不定式對(duì)稱(chēng)) 二、表達(dá)比較方面的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1.more/less…than…與the more…the more…結(jié)構(gòu) 1)(Today) is hotter than (yesterday).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 2)(John's car) runs better than Mary's.(所有格對(duì)稱(chēng)) 3)The Yangtse River is even wider and deeper (at Nanjing) than (at Wuhan).(介詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 4)(He speaks English) much more rapidly than (he does Spanish).(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 5)(The more you study,the smarter you will become).(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 2.as…as…與notas/so…as…結(jié)構(gòu) 7)(John)sings sa well sa (his sister).(名詞結(jié)構(gòu)) 8)(His drawings) are as perfect as (his instructor's).(所有格對(duì)稱(chēng)) 9)(Classes in the university) are as difficult as (those in the college).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 3.the same…as…與be different from/than/to結(jié)構(gòu) 10)(My house) isthe same height as (his).(所有格對(duì)稱(chēng)) 11)(These trees) are the same as (those)[trees].(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 12)He speaks the same language as (she).(代詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 13)(He tried to do) the same as (his comrade did).(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 14)(You must show my wife) the same respect as (you show me).(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 15)(Mary) is different from/than/to (Jane).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 16)(Our climate) is different form Canada's.(所有格對(duì)稱(chēng)) 17)(Life today)is different from (life fifty years ago).(名詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 三、表達(dá)并列關(guān)系的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1.both…and…結(jié)構(gòu) 1)Both (Li Hung) and (Li Chun) have joined the Party.(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)) 2)She spoke with both (kindness) and (understanding).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作賓語(yǔ)) 3)He both (speads) and (reads) French.(動(dòng)詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作謂語(yǔ)) 4)Robert is both (talended) and (handsome).(形容詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作表語(yǔ)) 5)She is well dnown both (for her dindness) and (for her kindness) and (for her understanding).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)) 2.not only…brt(also)…結(jié)構(gòu) 6)Beth plays not only (the guitar) but also (the violin).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作賓語(yǔ)) 7)The ceremony was mot only (colurful) but also (noisy).(形容詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作表語(yǔ)) 8)He writes not only (correctly) but also (neatly).(副詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作狀語(yǔ)) 9)He is famous not only (in Italy) but also (in Switzerland).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)作狀語(yǔ)) 10)Clark not only (practises) law but also (teaches) it.(動(dòng)詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作謂語(yǔ)) 11)He is not (a writer) but also (a revolutionary).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作表語(yǔ)) 12)Not only (was everything that he had taden away from him), but also (his German citizenship[was taken away from him].(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 3.as well as結(jié)構(gòu) 13)He gave me (money) as well sa (advice).(名詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作賓語(yǔ)) 14)You as well as (l)are right.(代詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)) 15)He was (kind) as well sa (sensible).(形容詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作表語(yǔ)) 16)He writes (correctly)as well as (neatly).(副詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作狀語(yǔ)) 17)We shall travel (by night) as well as (byday).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)作狀語(yǔ)) 18)Paul (plays) the piano as well as (composes) music.(動(dòng)詞對(duì)稱(chēng)作謂語(yǔ)) 四、表達(dá)原因、理由方面的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1.not because(of)…but because(of)…gn not than…but than…的結(jié)構(gòu) 1)The ship was delaed not (because of the war),but (because) (she has a talent for music). (介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 2)I recommend her not because (she is beautiful) but because (she has a talent for music). (句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 3)Not (that l loved Caesar less),but (that l loved Rome more).(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 4)It is not (that l am unwilling) but (that l have no time).(句子對(duì)稱(chēng)) 2.what with…and(what with)…結(jié)構(gòu) 5)(What with teaching) and (what with writing),my time is wholly taken away.(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 6)(What with lfficial business) and (what with private business),l have no leisure. (介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 五、表述態(tài)度、評(píng)論、贊成、詢問(wèn)等方面的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 這些結(jié)構(gòu)除少數(shù)例外一般為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞、have動(dòng)詞及do相應(yīng)形式的對(duì)稱(chēng)。 1)You (are) young and so am l. 2)You (have) pride and so (have) l. 3)Louise (can) dance beautifully,and so (can) her sister. 4)I (was) tired,and so (were) the others. 5)—'It (was) cold yesterday.'—'So it was.' 6)—'It (is) rainning.'—'So it is.' 7)He (will) not help yor,neither/nor (will) l. 8)The unions (do not want) a strike,and neither/nor (does) the management. 六、動(dòng)詞或不定式作主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 在同一個(gè)句子里，如果主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)同時(shí)是表示動(dòng)作意義的詞，那么一般要要講究對(duì)稱(chēng)，即主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，表語(yǔ)一般也用動(dòng)名詞；主語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，表語(yǔ)一般也用不定式。 (Seeing) is (believing). (Saving) is (having). (To see)is (to believe). (To doubt) is slmost (to insult). (To be a friend in need) is (to be a friend indeed). 七、因修辭需要運(yùn)用的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1)The owner (took d look),(gave a low whistle),the (made a dive)for the rejected clothing. (動(dòng)詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)) 2)(Large and small),(new and old),(wide and narrow),(fast and slow),they moved down to the shore.(多組互為反義的形容詞對(duì)稱(chēng)) 八、諺語(yǔ)中的對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu) 許多諺語(yǔ)除了結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱(chēng)，還注意了音節(jié)的對(duì)稱(chēng)，韻律的對(duì)稱(chēng)。這樣的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔、流暢、鮮明、生動(dòng)，富于表現(xiàn)力，上口易記。 No pains,no gains. Out of sight,out lf mind. Grasp all,lose all. Hope for he best,prepare for the worst. Nothing venture,nothing have. Man proposes,God disposes. (載1994年第5期《中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究》)
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